Is Addiction A Powerful Force - 1548 Words

Addiction is a powerful force, that has the potential to worsen and even end lives. The complex interplay of biological, environmental, social, and behavioral factors puts addicted individuals at great personal risk. While opioid addiction has commonly been viewed as an urban issue, in recent years increasing attention has been paid to the foothold it has gained in rural America (U.S. DHHS, 2012). As rates of drug addiction rise throughout the Midwest and Ohio, rates of hospitalization and drug poisoning deaths also increase. While extant data does not elucidate a causal relationship between these variables, strong correlations are evident. Furthermore, the lack of information about this issue highlights the need for more accurate data†¦show more content†¦DHHS, 2012). Widespread opioid abuse is a relatively recent phenomenon, particularly for rural populations (Rudd et al., 2016; U.S. DHHS, 2012). Trends suggest that increases in drug abuse have led to increases in hospital izations related to drug poisoning, or overdoses (Rudd et al., 2016). Longitudinal data explicitly capturing the relationship between drug abuse and hospitalizations is scant, thereby highlighting the need for more accurate record-keeping; however, current data does suggest a need for more effective emergency responses for rural populations (Unick, Rosenblum, Ciccarone, 2013; Rudd et al., 2016). Background information about risk factors associated with the behavior When studying any public health phenomenon, it is imperative for researchers to examine the interplay between contextual facts that influences population health outcomes. Biological factors and early childhood events significantly influence adolescent behavior, at which point many young people begin experimenting with substance use. Research has identified that subpar prenatal neurological experiences and family history of substance abuse disorders are predictive of substance use in young adulthood (Bastra, Hadders-Algra, Ormel, Neeleman, 2004; Courtney Polich, 2009; Kreek, Nielsen, Butelman, LaForge, 2005; Malone et al., 2004). Further, association between parental substance abuse and substances abuseShow MoreRelatedAddiction : A Powerful Force1385 Words   |  6 Pages Introduction Addiction is a powerful force. The complex interplay of biological, environmental, social, and behavioral factors puts addicted individuals at great personal risk. While addiction has traditionally been viewed as an urban issue, in recent years, increasing attention has been paid to the foothold opioids have gained in rural America (U.S. DHHS, 2012). As rates of drug addiction rise throughout the Midwest and Ohio, rates of hospitalization and drug poisoning deaths also increase. WhileRead MoreDrug Policy And Funding Has Not Changed Much Over The Past Two Decades1505 Words   |  7 Pagesto use the same methods, expecting different results. It is clear to see that the United States still has a policy of criminalizing drug users and not the treatment of them. Treatment and prevention of drug addiction in the United States needs to be a priority for many reasons. Drug addiction is affecting individuals and families from all different backgrounds across the United States. According to the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration [SAMHSA] (2016), â€Å"In 2014, about 21.5Read MoreCause and Effect of Pornography797 Words   |  4 PagesPornography â€Å"Pornography is a multi-billion industry so powerful it drives the direction of much media technology.† (Jensen, 2007) The annual revenue in pornography business is $12 billion here in America and $57 billion worldwide. According to the reports every second more than 28 thousand-Internet users are viewing pornography and typically do it during working days. Although it is impossible to deny pornography in economic force, Jensen stated that the effect of pornography in the industryRead MoreOpioid Addiction Develops And Perpetuates From A Carefully Arranged Interplay Of Six Factors1556 Words   |  7 PagesOpioid addiction develops and perpetuates from a carefully arranged interplay of six factors: 1. Pleasure 2. Reinforcement 3. Tolerance 4. Withdrawal 5. Cravings 6. Social, medical, or legal problems Addiction typically develops when all six factors follow their natural course. These six elements form the basis of what I call the â€Å"Addiction Jigsaw Puzzle.† Let’s look at each of these six factors in the order they usually develop. PLEASURE It is human nature, often unconsciously driven, to chooseRead MoreThe Problem Of Overcoming Addiction1529 Words   |  7 PagesOvercoming addiction is a lifelong struggle and one that takes a lot out of a person. People have to fight against the urge to use every day, and sadly that fight is often lost. However, many people are turning to hypnotherapy in their fight against the rigors of drug addiction. That s right: they are literally getting hypnotized to stop using drugs. This might sound like a far fetched scenario from a silly B-movie, but it is actually a proven and scientific way to beat addiction. UnderstandingRead MoreRhetorical Analysis : `` Love Song `` By Steven Tyler Essay1662 Words   |  7 Pagesresult of his career crippling drug addiction and the overwhelming success that emerged from the ashes of his past. Steven Tyler creates rhythm and flow in lyrics by utilizing parallelism between phrases and verses in his song. The main notion of a musical piece is to be memorable and melodic. Tyler constructs this melodic pattern by comparing and contrasting concepts in similarly structured phrases. These slightly contrasting ideas are presented similarly to force movement into the rhythm, â€Å"I walkRead MoreThe Rock Band Aerosmith s Success Story Essay1666 Words   |  7 Pagesresult of his career crippling drug addiction and the overwhelming success that emerged from the ashes of his past. Steven Tyler creates rhythm and flow in lyrics by utilizing parallelism between phrases and verses in his song. The main notion of a musical piece is to be memorable and melodic. Tyler constructs this melodic pattern by comparing and contrasting concepts in similarly structured phrases. These slightly contrasting ideas are presented similarly to force movement into the rhythm, â€Å"I walkRead MoreThe Drug Of Drug Addiction Essay1270 Words   |  6 PagesWatching my older brother struggle with drug addiction has taught me more in my life than anything else. He was a smart kid with a good head on his shoulders.   As he grew older he made some unwise choices with regard to substance abuse that quickly turned into a full blown addiction lasting over five years and landed him in and out of four different rehabs.   He was striving to get clean, but every time he took one step forward he fell three steps back.   Taylor entered Drug Court, after finding himselfRead MoreGary Tyler s The Lead Singer Of Aerosmith Essay1685 Words   |  7 Pageslisteners. Although Tyler’s song appears to be just another cliche love song, the ballad capitalizes on parallelism, nostalgic imagery and diction, and ambiguity to expose the tremendous loss he suffered as a result of his career crippling drug addiction and the overwhelming success that emerg ed from the ashes of his past. Reminiscent upon his history, Tyler begins his recollection with parallelism. Tyler experiments with parallelism in his lyrics to create rhythm and flow between verses and phrasesRead MoreAddiction : The Problem Of Addiction939 Words   |  4 PagesThe amount of damage that addiction brings into people’s lives can be staggering. Society’s perspective of addiction can either help or hinder the problem. Some addictions are seen negatively by society while others are not recognized as harmful. Some perspectives view the issue moralistically, creating shame regarding the problem. This approach is rarely helpful when dealing with the problem of addiction. Psychology, through a biopsychosocial model, attempts to offer a scientific perspective. This

Current Ethical Issue in Business - 1476 Words

Current Ethical Issue in Business Your Name Here PHL/323 Date Here Instructor’s Name Here Globally, Wal-Mart is the second largest revenue generating company. It is surprising to see so many discriminating issues within the company. Women working for the company are consistently treated unfairly, yet other issues exist. It is as if Wal-Mart has fallen into the negative economic routine. The company is guilty of everyday social discrimination; gender discrimination is just one main focus of our discussion. The affects of gender discrimination affect how women are treated, their income, and company policies. Women’s Rights have been an ongoing issue since the beginning†¦show more content†¦Ethics are present in households and in communities, which help individual’s decide what is right and wrong, and how to deal with situations. The same ethical standards that Americans expect from each other and that are taught to our children should not be left at the door when an employee punches in on the time clock. â€Å"Some companies are incorporating ethics into their training. It is a subject that can go hand-in-hand with business and when employees and CEOs alike understand what ethics are about, business can improve† (Curry, n.d.). Ethics and equality seem to work hand in hand with many people in the business world whom realize its importance. The major problem in the Wal-Mart class action lawsuit is that they failed to see the importance. The basis of the lawsuit is very simple, the women involved in this unsavory situation feel that their rights as individuals and employees have been violated. The discrimination at hand led them to be treated differently than their peers. The women involved in the discrimination lawsuit justly feel that they have the legal right to be treated the same as any other employee within the corporation. An organizations values, beliefs, and standards are manifested into its culture. The culture of an organization is what sets the tone for formal rules and norms of behavior (Trevino et a l, 2011). A cultural change is needed when there is a large disparity between a companys written policy and the way that dailyShow MoreRelatedCurrent Ethical Issues in Business Essay2863 Words   |  12 PagesCurrent Ethical Issue in Business Introduction Ethics and moral obligation are something that we all encounter at one time or another. Even in a professional setting, all persons should act in a manner that would uphold the good of society. Why is it that good, ethical and moral behavior is not always adhered to? Is it because some people do not understand ethics and what it means to be ethical? To be ethical, one has to decide between right and wrong, determine what is for the betterment ofRead MoreCurrent Ethical Issues in Business Essay1266 Words   |  6 PagesCurrent Ethical Issue in Business Big Ben or Big Brother is an article that discusses a major aspect of todays ethical issues in the business world. This ethical issue has to do with invasion of privacy. Each year, the national members and affiliated organizations of Privacy International present the Big Brother awards to the government and private sector organizations which have done the most to threaten personal privacy in their countries. Big Brother awards are presented to the governmentRead MoreStarbucks Standards of Ethics and Compliance1647 Words   |  7 Pagescomes to their financial environment. Upholding ethical standards within a business is important if a business wants to become successful and maintains their credibility, Starbucks does not just operate on one ethical standard but eight different ones. They are all different sources that are used for different reason within the company. Starbucks has two specific organization standards they go by that deal with their financial portion of the business. Transportation, manufacturing, and supplies areRead MoreEthical Issue And The Ethical Dilemma882 Words   |  4 Pages In this week’s assignment, we have been asked to identify an ethical issue presented in the Devise Products Unlimited (DPU) case study. First we will discuss the issue and the ethical dilemma it creates. Next we will look at possible recommendations for the DPU CEO to handle this issue. The Ethical Issue First, let’s start by looking at what the ethical issue that DPU is facing. The issue that I have chosen to focus on is issue two from the case study: DPU outsources some of the manufacturingRead MoreEssay on Case17 Businesss Hire818 Words   |  4 PagesCase 17: Should Business Hire Illegal Immigrants? pp. 833-836 (textbook) 1. What are the ethical issues in this case? Just by entering the country illegal aliens are committing an unethical act; Breaking the laws of our Country. Two the employers who are hiring them are unethical and amoral. Knowingly violating the laws and operating at their best interests instead of the social norms. Come-on how hard is it to ask for a proof of citizenship? Around the world, governments have historicallyRead MoreThe Ethics Of The Business Brand1367 Words   |  6 Pagestopic for many years. Every business must encounter situations where they are required to find solutions to fix a problem. There must be standards set by a business and these standards are expected to be a symbol of representation from leadership straight to its employees. In marketing, problems will arise. It is up to the individuals or parties involved to decide how they will act or react when the problem faces them or the business. An individual with strong ethical background will sense when somethingRead MoreEthical Issues in Relations Between Business and Customers.1562 Words   |  7 PagesEssay Ethical issues in relations between business and customers. Suleimenova Nazira. Management 11.852 Ethical issues in relations between business and customers. Nowadays, people the most part of their life spend at the work. At work, person has a contact with other employees, meets the requirements of management or personally gave orders to his subordinates. But also, the organization (enterprise, firm) in which employees work, constantly interacts with other organizations, the stateRead MoreOrganizational Ethics934 Words   |  4 PagesIdentify typical ethical problems of managers. †¢ Recognize differences in ethical behavior and responsibility between an employee and a manager. Course Assignments 4. Readings †¢ Read Ch. 6 7 of Managing Business Ethics. †¢ Read this week’s Electronic Reserve Readings. 5. Learning Team Instructions †¢ Begin preparing for the Ethics in the Workplace Case Study Action Plan Presentation due in Week Five by reading one of the following case studies from Managing Business Ethics as assignedRead MoreImplementing an Applied Ethics Course at The University of Tampa1506 Words   |  6 Pagesall disciplines, which raises such questions as, is there a need for an ethics course? Do students know enough about ethics for ethical thinking and action? Ethics encompasses a set of principles, philosophy, or theory relating to principles. Knowing how to best resolve difficult ethical dilemmas is never easy especially when any choice violates the societal and ethical standards we have been taught to govern our lives. Ethics is important and goes beyond common sense. However, if ethics wereRead MoreMarketing Analysis Of Jayne s Sandwich Shop1096 Words   |  5 PagesShop has been a very successful mobile sandwich trailer for the past five years. The business produces quality and tasty sandwiches with a devoted clientele made up of employees and shoppers. Jayne success has forced her to add several bicycle-towed concessions to the work force, and strategically placed in locations around the city to meet the demands of her customers. Targeting the urban worker, Jayne’s business core hours are 10:00 AM to 2:00 PM, Monday through Friday and uses Facebook to promote

The Person I Admire Free Essays

THE PERSON I ADMIRE/THE INSIPER There are so many people who have changed so many lives in my community especially to the youth, but Mandla Ndlovu was born to save the community with his uniqueness to others. He gave up his high powered job just to make sure that his community is a better place for everyone. Mandla Ndlovu was born and raised in Estcourt, he was very popular in the community their say it takes the whole village to raise a child. We will write a custom essay sample on The Person I Admire or any similar topic only for you Order Now Everyone knew him at an early age and many parents wanted their children’s to be like him, because he was respecting and every Saturday he goes to clean the church than Sunday he goes to church. Unfortunately his mother was a drunker and he never knew who his father was. Normal he was used to look after himself and his mother when she was drunk, by the age of elven he was working in a super market part time just to make sure that he doesn’t go to bed with an empty stomach. He matriculated in 2001 and he got four distinctions, the municipality council arranged for him to further his studies in Mangosuthu University of technology . sadly his mother died when he was doing level three of his degree. In 2009 Mandla finished his law degree and he was desperate for a job, because he didn’t have much experience in the field so he was willing to do any job. His first client was his father but they both didn’t know that they are connected; luckily they won the case in court. Njabulo â€Å"Mandlas father† was more than satisfied, so he went to Mandlas home to thank him personally for job well done and to invite him to his daughter’s wedding. When he got there he saw a picture of Mandla and his mother, he asked Mandla about that women on the picture and he told him that it his late mother. Njabulo started trying and Mandla was confused; he asked what wrong, than he told him that he once dated Mandlas mother and they had a child together in 1983, the same year Mandla was born and his mother ran away with him. They found each other and they started building their relationship like father and sun. Njabulo was very old and he was a chief in the community, Mandla was his first born so he takes after his father’s chiefance. Mandla used his education and he made same changes in the community, even though he had to go against his father’s rules and the community supported him including his stepmother. Firstly he abolished that girls should leave and get married by the age of 15, that was his father’s rule. Secondly he saw a need of a library, so he approached ABSA bank for a contribution in building a library in my community and ABSA agreed, they take of everything. Thirdly he didn’t promote paranga so he chooses to lead by example and he had one wife, the other chiefs blamed him. He told them that he is the first chief with high powered qualifications. Fourthly every pension day he organizes transport to transport the pension receives to a receiving point and sometimes he uses his own car. Ever since Mandla became a chief he influenced the say that says education is the key to success to everyone, because his first priority was education. He normally invite motivational speaks ,like DR Gwala and MR Mvelase once in six months sometimes he’s the one who motivating the youth ,he once said that we all have the ability; the difference is how we use it and that Mountains but doubt can create them. These words motivated me as I’m here today and I’m not the only one. Lastly he asked the community to fund raise and he uses that to oblate students who don’t money to register at the high institution of education. Every time he come across the young ones playing, he will ask them their wishes and tell them that no one is given a wish without being given the power to make it come true. If it wasn’t for Mandla s intelligence my community would not be a better place as it is right now. Mandla will always be a hero to many for us and a role model to the generations to come. Leaders are born with leadership skills like Mandla he was a great leader. How to cite The Person I Admire, Papers The Person I Admire Free Essays Maria Corazon â€Å"Cory† Sumulong Cojuangco Aquino (January 25, 1933 – August 1, 2009) was the 11th President of the Philippines and the first woman to hold that office. Aquino was also the first popularly and democratically-elected female president and head of state in Asia. [1][2] She is best remembered for leading the 1986 EDSA People Power Revolution, which toppled the authoritarian regime of the late strongman Ferdinand Marcos and restored democracy in the Philippines. We will write a custom essay sample on The Person I Admire or any similar topic only for you Order Now Tita (Auntie) Cory†, as she is affectionately known, is considered and revered by many Filipinos as an icon of Democracy, and has been hailed by TIME Magazine as the â€Å"Saint of Democracy,† due to her well-known spiritual life and strong adherence to non-violence and democracy. A self-proclaimed â€Å"plain housewife†,[3] Aquino was married to Senator Benigno Aquino, Jr. , the popular opposition leader and staunchest critic of then President Ferdinand Marcos. Senator Aquino was assassinated on August 21, 1983 upon returning to the Philippines after his exile in the United States. After her husband’s assassination, the widowed Aquino became the unwilling and reluctant leader of the opposition against the authoritarian rule of the Marcos regime. She united the fragmented opposition and strengthened its moral crusade against the abuses and excesses of President Marcos’ martial rule. In late 1985, when President Marcos called for a snap election, Cory Aquino was called upon by the people to challenge his regime. Reluctant at first, Aquino thrust herself into the political arena after one million signatures urging her to run for president were presented to her. Despite having no prior political experience, except being her husband Ninoy’s wife, Aquino proved to be a cult leader, inspiring orator and skilled campaigner. She ran for president with former senator Salvador Laurel as her vice-presidential running mate. When the Marcos allies-dominated Batasang Pambansa proclaimed Ferdinand Marcos The Great Hero as the winner in the 1986 snap elections, Aquino called for massive civil disobedience protests against him, declaring herself as having been cheated and as the real winner in the elections. Filipinos enthusiastically heeded her call and rallied behind her. These series of events eventually led to the ouster of Marcos from power grabbing and the installation of Aquino as president of the Philippines in February 1986, an event which is now known as the historic 1986 EDSA . How to cite The Person I Admire, Papers

Essay Paper For The Chocolate War Example For Students

Essay Paper For The Chocolate War The Chocolate WarThe Chocolate War is a book written by Robert Cormier. It is about a teenaged boy named Jerry and his life as an individual at an all boys catholic school called Trinity. Every year the school sells chocolates to raise money. Every student is meant to sell fifty boxes, and they all do, except for Jerry. Jerry was forced not to sell the chocolates for 10 days by the Vigils, a school gang. At first thats what he planned to do, but as the 10 days went on, Jerry started to feel control over his life and decided to continue not to sell. By doing so, Jerry disobeyed the Vigils and made them look like a bunch of fools. Jerry is a fourteen year old freshman at Trinity. He is 5?9 and 145 pounds. He plays football for the school team. His mother just recently died of cancer and he lives alone with his father. While dealing with his mothers death, Jerry felt that he had absolutely no power or control over his life, that is until he stood up to the Vigils by refusing to sell chocolates. Archie is a part of the Vigils. He plays the role of the assignor. For this job he has to select students and give them assignments. In this case, He assigned Jerry the duty of not selling chocolates for 10 days. Archie is a very powerful and manipulative person and he can turn someone against another in the blink of an eye; Just like when Jerry prolonged his assignment. In the following paragraphs, it will be showed how Archie turned Jerry from a hero, to an outcast and finally, to a victim. Jerry became a hero to all in Trinity. A hero by definition being a man or boy admired for his bravery, great deeds or noble qualities. In this case they looked up to him for his bravery to stand up to Brother Leon and refuse to sell the chocolates, something they all had wanted to do, but never had the guts. For example, in roll call on the first day of the chocolate sales Brother Leon went through each boys name and they were to answer yes or no. Yes meaning they would sell the chocolates and no meaning they wouldnt. Every single boy said yes, except for Jerry, he said no. Brother Leon didnt just let him be, he put pressure on him, tried to make him feel badly about not selling, tried to make him feel guilty. It didnt work though, Jerry stood his ground and stuck be his original answer, NO. At first Jerrys motif not to sell the chocolates was just the assignment given to him by the Vigils, but soon after, that changed. Jerry started to feel control over his life, he started to feel like an individual for once. He also had become recognized by the school as a rebel, and as a leader. For example, Jerry was on the bus and this person hes never talked to before sat down beside him and said, -?Hey, Renault, you got guts, know that ?Boy, you really let Leon that bastard have it. Beautiful.? People hed never talked to were looking up to him, he couldnt back down after ten days, nor did he want to, so he continued not to sell chocolates, even after his assignment was finished. Jerrys fame didnt last long after he disobeyed the Vigils, due to Archies ways, Jerry soon became an outcast. An Outcast by definition being a person or animal cast out from home and friends, friendless. When Jerry continued his refusal, he made a mockery of the Vigils, something no one else has ever done. He also unknowingly set the Vigils up for some trouble. The Vigils had made a deal with Brother Leon to support the chocolate sales, and with Jerry standing up for himself like that, things c ouldnt go on for the better. Other people were bound to follow in his footsteps and that wouldnt be a good thing. Archie had to come up with something quick, so he decided to take charge put Jerry on the spot. The Vigils somehow made chocolate selling the cool thing to do at school and that made Jerry look un-cool. The Vigils also started to sell chocolates and put the sales under other students names, until everyone had sold their fifty boxes except Jerry. The students stopped looking at Jerry as a hero, but more as a lazy guy who wouldnt do his part.. They started to get frustrated and mad at the fact that he wasnt doing his part to help the school. Teachers and students started to ignore Jerry. For example in class when a teacher would ask the class a question, Jerry would wave his hand like mad and the teacher would never call on him. The teacher wouldnt even look at him, just through him, as if he were a ghost. .u7a0d0ed2ab8293ffde9a0c0d9e7b52eb , .u7a0d0ed2ab8293ffde9a0c0d9e7b52eb .postImageUrl , .u7a0d0ed2ab8293ffde9a0c0d9e7b52eb .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u7a0d0ed2ab8293ffde9a0c0d9e7b52eb , .u7a0d0ed2ab8293ffde9a0c0d9e7b52eb:hover , .u7a0d0ed2ab8293ffde9a0c0d9e7b52eb:visited , .u7a0d0ed2ab8293ffde9a0c0d9e7b52eb:active { border:0!important; } .u7a0d0ed2ab8293ffde9a0c0d9e7b52eb .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u7a0d0ed2ab8293ffde9a0c0d9e7b52eb { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u7a0d0ed2ab8293ffde9a0c0d9e7b52eb:active , .u7a0d0ed2ab8293ffde9a0c0d9e7b52eb:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u7a0d0ed2ab8293ffde9a0c0d9e7b52eb .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u7a0d0ed2ab8293ffde9a0c0d9e7b52eb .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u7a0d0ed2ab8293ffde9a0c0d9e7b52eb .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u7a0d0ed2ab8293ffde9a0c0d9e7b52eb .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7a0d0ed2ab8293ffde9a0c0d9e7b52eb:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u7a0d0ed2ab8293ffde9a0c0d9e7b52eb .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u7a0d0ed2ab8293ffde9a0c0d9e7b52eb .u7a0d0ed2ab8293ffde9a0c0d9e7b52eb-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u7a0d0ed2ab8293ffde9a0c0d9e7b52eb:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Diary of A Teenage Girl. Becoming Me EssayAnother boy, Harold Darcy tried to put Jerry on the spot in class one day. For example, in class one day during roll call Darcy put up his hand, and when called upon said:-?Would you ask Jerry why he isnt selling the chocolates like everybody elseWhy do you want to know asked the teacherI figure its my right to know, the right of everybody to know.? He looked around the room for support. Someone called out, ?Right on!? Darcy said, ?Everybody is doing their part, why isnt RenaultWould you care to answer that, Renault Questioned the teacher. Jerry was left with all eyes on him, waiting for an answer. Soon enough the ignoring stopped and the brutality began, Jerry was no longer an outcast, he was now a victim. A victim by definition being a person or animal sacrificed, injured or destroyed. For instance, in football practice he would get tackled from behind when the play was over. When hed look around to see who had done it, there was no one to be seen. He suspected members from his own team were doing the hitting, but he wasnt sure. Also in the hallways, someone tried to push him down the stairs. Jerry was not only a victim of violence, he was also a victim of harassment. For example it was late at night, and the telephone rang. -Oh no he protested. Let me alone. The ringing continued, mocking him the way Janza had mocked him. Let it be, let it be, like the beetles sang. Still ringing. Jerry lifted himself from the bed, surprised at his mobility, and made his way to the living room phone. ?Hello.? Forcing strength into his voice. Silence. ?Im here.? He said, shouting the words. Silence again. Then the lewd chuckle. And the dial tone. Whenever hed be at home he would get disturbing prank phone calls like this one. Nothing was ever said, all there would be was laughter in the background, then the dial tone. Jerry got several of these phone calls through out the day and sometimes at night for quite a while. Jerry also became a victim of pure violence. He was lured into a trap by a boy from his school who was working for the Vigils, it turned out to be a raffle. This raffle wasnt just an ordinary raffle, it was an evil one. It was a fight controlled by crowd and what they had written on the raffle tickets. Anything goes, any type of punch. No blocking was allowed by the one getting hit, and the one who goes down or who forfeits first, loses. The crowd was wild, all they wanted to see was blood, Jerrys blood in particular. Jerry was definitely not the favored one in the ring, all raffle tickets seemed to be against Jerry. They punches flew, hitting Jerry who took it helplessly. Finally, a punch to the groin area was c alled, and Jerry blocked it, that is when Jerry took a beating. His opponent starting swinging and hitting Jerry, hard. -Horrified, The Goober counted the punches Janza was throwing at his helpless opponent. Fifteen, sixteen. He leaped to his feet. Stop it! Stop it! But nobody heard. His voice was lost in the thunder of screaming voices, voices calling for the kill?kill him, kill him. Goober watched helplessly as Jerry finally sank to the stage, bloody, opened mouth, sucking for air, eyes un-focused, flesh swollen. His body was poised for a moment like some wounded animal and then he collapsed like a hunk of meat cut loose from a butchers hook. And all the lights went out. The crowd then took off and Jerry had been left alone bleeding, suffering from possible internal injuries and a fractured jaw. He had definitely become a victim, he wondered if the cause was it worth it?As one may see from the details given above, standing up for oneself and being an individual isnt always an easy task. Turning from a hero to an outcast to a victim can happen in a blink of an eye or even faster as it did in Jerrys case. There are many obstacles that must be conquered to be an individual. In some cases the result will be satisfying, but in others, one may be left wondering if it was worth it. In the future one should be prepared for the consequences that may arise by standing up for oneself and take in to consideration the sacrifices that one must make. One should also decide if these sacrifices are worth it. BibliographyThe Chocolate War

The Aesthetic Experience Essay Example

The Aesthetic Experience Essay There is beauty surrounding us in our everyday world from the environment in which we inhabit and the sonic wallpaper of nature we hear everyday to even the body and mind of our human spirit. That is what makes us human, the understanding, desire, and acknowledgment of beauty which sets us apart from the other creatures of the earth. Unlike some creatures, such as birds and their nests and reptiles with their flashy colored bodies, we see beauty in more ways than for the purpose of procreation. Beauty, according to the Christian Science Monitor, is the substance of life, of thought expressed. It also referred as being necessary for functionality, for life and not just for mere adornment. Definitions of beauty differ from person to person and those definitions can be more characterized as aesthetics. Aesthetics is known one way as the outward experience of how something looks, and how pleasing it is. This pleasing feeling of how something may look is the psychological responses to beauty and artistic expressions. A word that can be used as a noun, verb or adjective is a philosophy to some. The philosophical view of aesthetics is to study beauty and its aesthetic values. It also deals with the nature and expression of beauty as in the fine arts and the laws of perception. People apply the term aesthetics to validate what is artistic or beautiful and the way this is applied is determined by the societal influences on people of what is beauty in their culture. We will write a custom essay sample on The Aesthetic Experience specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Aesthetic Experience specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Aesthetic Experience specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Society many times sets this principle, a set of principles, or a view of aesthetics that is manifested by outward appearances and is applied towards taste and artistic sensibility. There is also the aesthetic experience. It is described by Nelson, in his reference to musical aesthetics, that it â€Å"serves not utilitarian purpose but is valued for its enjoyment, satisfaction, and insight. † He relates this also to the human capacity to aspire for more out of life than mere survival. That aspiration is what sets us apart from any other known creature. Nelson goes on to state the aesthetic experience involves feelings, intellect, requires focus, and must be experienced firsthand. One can not receive the experience of beauty by hearing an account of it from another, oh we can imagine what that experience may feel like and the image of beauty which is being described, but as in the case of music and dance, we need to be there and feel it as it happens. This experience results in a richer more meaningful life and that the opposite of aesthetic is anesthetic, which means insensitive, void of feeling, empty. People aspire for more out of life than simple existence. (Nelson) Certain students in our class exhibit some of these certain aesthetic quality of beauty. One couple is Kenny and Becky. There is an essence between them that makes which ever dance that they are doing an aesthetically beautiful dance. Both have good form and timing which is very pleasing to the eye. Another couple, who I believe have very good aesthetic qualities when they dance, is Anna and her brother Anthony. Anna’s precision of her moves, especially with tango, really creates that aesthetic experience when watching her. She is able to be precise and deliberate with her move and yet still look graceful and fluid while dancing. When the women dance as such, it casts a beauty that is feminine and unique. Through the course of this short semester I have developed a greater appreciation of aesthetics of beauty and its experience. I have developed this sense through my willingness to accept the dance and its direction of its flow. I’ve looked and was more aesthetically sensible to others in the class of how they danced and their beauty which they expressed though the dance and that has developed that appreciation in me. I can develop a greater sense of aesthetics in and for myself my continuing to progress through this art form through practice and education of the dances. I can apply this to all aspects of my life in order to be, whether in my dress, demeanor, or through my creativity, more aesthetically pleasing to others and myself. The Aesthetic Experience By J. Country Western Dance Beginning Summer I 12:00pm July 5, 2005 Citations: The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition, Houghton Mifflin Company, 2000 Christian Science Monitor; 10/1/2001, Vol. 93 Issue 215, p23 Eaton, Marcia Muelder, Instilling Aesthetic Values, Arts Education Policy Review, Nov/Dec 93, Vol. 95, Issue 2, p 30 Encarta Word English Dictionary (North American Edition), Microsoft Corporation, 2005 Nelson, Robert B. , Aesthetics in the Band Room, Musical Editors Journal, Jan94, Vol. 80 Issue 4, p 24

How to Make Red Fire

How to Make Red Fire Road flares contain strontium nitrate in addition to other ingredients (potassium nitrate or potassium perchlorate, sawdust, charcoal, maybe some sulfur, magnesium, or aluminum). Strontium salts burn bright red. Obtaining Strontium Salts If you want to make red fire and arent in a position to order strontium salts its easy to harvest material from a road flare. Heres what you do: Take a pocket knife or steak knife and carefully cut open the cardboard tube of the flare.Pour the powder into a bowl or jar.You can sprinkle this powder sparingly onto a campfire or fireplace fire.You can store unused powder in a paper bag. Keep it dry, but away from heat and flame. How To Create the Fire Alternatively, you can ignite the powder directly. Put about a tablespoon of powder onto a fire-proof surface. Pour a little accelerant onto the base of your powder (try ​Heet, which is methanol). Light the accelerant. If you are using methanol, it will burn out and the powder will begin to burn. The flame will be very bright. You may wish to cut the mixture with powdered sugar or charcoal before lighting it.

International Business Communication Paper Essay

International Business Communication Paper - Essay Example Bureaucracy is the other major obstacle as there are endless procedures and forms to fill, resulting in waste of time and money, which are the most important resources for a business. It is therefore, crucial for an investor to note that though the country does not have specific cultural practices to be followed, they should not forget that it is a foreign country. For instance, there are people who have to be pleased in order for an investor to succeed, mostly from the ruling class. It is hard for foreign investors to procure funding since the country is in debts and there is a lot of external pressure for reform implementation. A person of either gender can own a business in the country but the people are leaning towards women leaders. However, a foreign company can only own between 40% and 70% of a business depending on the sector. The law prohibits import of labor for locally available skills, and limits inputs import by imposing heavy import duty. Table of Contents Table of Cont ents ii International Business Communication Paper Before investing in a foreign country, a citizen of the United States needs to familiarize with such a country to ensure a smooth transition from one business environment to another. Therefore, background research is necessary to ensure success of the investment once the investor knows the rules by which to play. Factors about the country that should be of interest to an investor in any sector include, but are not limited to business norms and cultural considerations. Business norms include all the requirements of the business world that the investor must follow in order to be in line with government policies, clients’ preferences, competitive landscape and possible business partners. Cultural considerations encompass the social expectations on the investor from the various stakeholders in this foreign land. Countries have different definitions of what they consider as the ethical or the unethical and any investor keen on suc ceeding in a foreign land should familiarize himself with these values. On keen observation though, it is clear that even if the country has a favorable environment for foreign investments, there is still a lot of room for improvement. For instance, the process of obtaining trade licenses is tedious though the country is currently undergoing reforms in all sectors due to the recent adoption of what politicians and the media claim to be one of the best constitutions in the world. If Kenyan leaders do not do what they are famous for i.e. corrupting systems, the country is ready and is a prime location for new investments. The country’s economy is driven mainly by agriculture and service industries. Its economy does not experience exponential growth because unprocessed goods always fetch low prices in the international market. The service industry, on the other hand, has been deteriorating as tourists shun the country due to civil unrests and terrorism threats especially in the period following the 2007/08 post election violence. Business Norms For one to invest in Kenya, there are numerous licenses to be obtained. However, since the country always sends delegations here in the US to talk to investors encouraging them to do business, it is safe to assume that the country’

Essay Question. Discuss Mertons five modes of adaptation and give an

Question. Discuss Mertons five modes of adaptation and give an example of each - Essay Example The acceptance or rejection in terms of cultural goals and institutionalized means is an important facet of understanding Merton’s five modes of adaptation. Merton believes that conformity is the most common kind of the five modes of adaptation. What happens during this mode is that people try to achieve success by employing traditional methodologies that are apparent (Merton 1985). Similarly Merton is of the view that the mode of innovation uses a small, yet substantial change with the perspective of the people while the mode is still in conformity but is in the process of tilting towards innovation. The third mode is ritualism where the deviant behavior rejects the attitude towards goals but believes staunchly within the attitude to means. Retreatism is the fourth mode of adaptation which rejects both attitudes towards goals and means while rebellion, being the last of the Merton’s five nodes seems to be in a fix regarding the rejection or acceptance of the attitudes towards cultural goals and institutionalized means. Merton’s paradigm of deviant behavior is one theory which dedicatedly believes on the premise of tying up the five modes which significantly outline the differences between the institutionalized means and the cultural goals (Merton 1942).

,Eyes on the Prize, Aint Scared of Your Jails (1960-1961) Movie Review

,Eyes on the Prize, Aint Scared of Your Jails (1960-1961) - Movie Review Example In Alabama, the laws spelt that no white nurse was allowed to practice in public or private hospitals where African Americans were admitted (Delgado 93). Additionally, the bus and train conductors were allowed to direct each passenger to the section designated for his or her race. In Florida, all marriages between a Negro and a white person were forever prohibited (Delgado 93). Federalism is a means of structuring a nation in a way that two or more levels of government have formal power over the same people and area (Delgado 56). For instance, the U.S. Constitution gives the federal government power over issues of national concern while state governments have jurisdiction over issues of domestic concern (Delgado 56). Civil right movement is often perceived as a struggle for federalism since it is responsible for the creation of most controversial issues between the Northern and Southern States. The civil right movement made the Northerners desegregates and creates a basis from which to attack Jim Crow laws at a period when the Southerners advocated for national legislation against segregation laws (Delgado 58). Civil right movements also advocated for the supremacy clause, which includes three items: the Constitution, laws of the national government, and treaties (Delgado 62). Members of civil right movement believed that the 10th Amendment implied that th e national government only had authority over powers specifically assigned by the Constitution (Delgado 62). Civil rights are rights protected and granted by government for its people with the purpose of ensuring fairness, and preventing discrimination in relation to certain attribute of its people (Delgado 130). On contrary, civil liberties are basic rights that are primarily meant for all people in a given country by the constitution or other document of that nation, and are exercised upon citizens without further specificity like freedom of religion or speech, in the U.S. (Delgado 131). Those people who are

Mental health and health needs of asylum seekers and refugees

Mental health and health needs of asylum seekers and refugees INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background Asylum seekers and refuges is a growing problem affecting many European countries as well as the UK. In the recent years the number of asylum seekers and refugees entering UK has increased, attracting the attention of the media, politicians as well as ordinary people. It is a controversial subject leading to intense debate and discussions and unsurprisingly to different views and perspectives. The increase in the numbers seeking asylum has led to governments and the international agencies grappling with the problems of providing adequate humanitarian assistance in the third world and avoiding floods of asylum seekers arriving at their doorstep (Timothy et al 2009). This has also led to changes in asylum policies with the governments responding to the rising problem with a range of measures aimed at deterring asylum applications. Mental illness is one of the leading causes of illness around the world and estimated to affect up to a third of the British population. It is especially common amongst asylum seekers and refugees, which may be due to them having experienced loss, bereavement, torture, rape etc. Their mental health can then be exacerbated due to displacement and their situation in the UK. There is a lot of stigma attached to mental illness, and the mentally ill still face discrimination in many ways, which results in many not seeking treatment. The exact cause of mental illness is a subject doctors still argue about. Society has been known to play a key role, but recently there has been a growing concentration on the role of genes. 1.2 Who are Asylum-seekers? An asylum seeker is someone who has fled their country to find a safe place elsewhere. Under the 1951 Convention on Refugees, an asylum applicant must be able to demonstrate a well-founded fear of persecution in their country of origin for reasons of political opinion, religion, ethnicity, race/nationality, or membership of a particular social group (Burnett 2002). They must also be able to show that they are unable to obtain any protection or help from their own national authorities (Burnett 2002). The Refugee or Person in Need of International Protection (Qualification) Regulations 2006 updates parts of the convention. Asylum applications in the UK are sent to the Home Office. Over the last ten years there have been several pieces of legislation introduced which has created an ever changing climate of policy on refugees and asylum seekers. This is a result of the significant numbers of rejected asylum seekers who have had all means of support withdrawn from them and are now destitute in the UK. Asylum seekers represent a vulnerable population due to a host of pre- and post-migration risk factors. Pre-migration factors include torture and refugee trauma, which may result in mental and physical illness. Moreover, asylum seekers often come from conflict areas, without access to adequate health services. Post-migration factors also play a role for health. They include detention, length of asylum procedure, language barriers, and lack of knowledge about the new health care system. Destitute asylum seekers are those people who are unable to access support for their basic needs from the government or from their own resources. The position of rejected asylum seekers is appalling, with many unable to return to their country of origin for reasons beyond their control and yet they are not allowed to work and support themselves (Dumper et al 2009). Below is a table showing the various definitions of refugee status: Asylum seeker Someone who has submitted an application for protection under the Geneva Convention and is waiting for their claim to be decided by the Home Office. Refugee status Someone whos claim has been accepted and has been granted Indefinite Leave to Remain, and is also eligible for family reunion. Exceptional Leave to or Remain (ELE/ELR) The Home Office accepts that there are strong reasons that the person should not return to their country of origin. ELR is discretionary and for varying periods depending on the age of the applicant and other circumstances Refusal Someone whos application for refugee status has been rejected. 1.3 Reasons for seeking Asylum The causes of refugees and asylum flows are many from the effects of conflict and wars, political upheaval, to economic problems and search for a better life. These displaced people face many problems such as oppression, poverty and disease. Some of them have been held captive and tortured in their own countries; some have been prosecuted because of their political or religious beliefs and some because they belong to a minority ethnic group. 1.4 UK Asylum Policy Services offered to refugees and asylum-seekers in the United Kingdom are largely determined by national legislation that in turn informs policy and practice. The introduction of the National Asylum Support Service (NASS) at the end of the 1990s was accompanied by several Acts of Parliament that have been added to by further legislation, the most recent being the Asylum and Immigration Act 2004. While historically UK has a long tradition of providing refuge to people fleeing from prosecution, the Government has recently sought to affect the behaviour of asylum-seekers through legislation intended to discourage asylum-seekers from coming to the UK. For example the support withdrawn from asylum-seekers who have exhausted their claim is designed ultimately to either persuade people to return to their country or make it easier for the Home Office to remove them. In the same way, provision of support to asylum-seekers is often conditional on their agreeing to be dispersed to different parts of the country (Johnson 2003). 1.5 Statistics of asylum seekers in the UK The main source of data on the UK asylum process and flows of individuals through it is the Home Office RDS units. Throughout the asylum process, administrative data is entered into a number of computerised databases, which are supported by a small number of manual systems. The Case Information Database (CID) records information on applications, decisions, appeals, removals (including voluntary assisted returns), persons held in detention and persons leaving detention. The Asylum Seekers Support System Database (ASYS) records details of asylum seekers applying and receiving support (ICAR 2009). The UK received 25,930 applications for asylum in 2008, compared to 23,430 in 2007 making it an increase of 11%. The highest level of asylum applications, in the last decade, was in 2002, with levels falling significantly after that. It was not until 2008 when the number of applicants started increasing once again. The chart below shows the number of applicants received in the UK between 2000 -2008. The chart was taken from the Information Centre about Asylum Seekers and Refugees (ICAR) Statistics paper. Figure 1: Applications for asylum in the UK excluding dependents 2000-08 (ICAR 2009). The main countries of origin of asylum applicants in 2008 were Afghanistan (14%), Zimbabwe (12%), Iran (9%), Eritrea (9%), Iraq (7%) Sri Lanka (6%), China, (5%), Somalia (5%), Pakistan (5%) and Nigeria (3%) (ICAR 2009). The majority of people seeking asylum in UK are single men under the age of 40 who come from countries in conflict (Burnett et al 2001). Figure 2: Showing age and gender breakdown of UK asylum seekers (Refugee Council 2009) The above diagram shows the break down of the gender of principle applicants to the UK. Males under 35 are the majority, whilst females seeking asylum are only a ration of twenty percent. 1.6 Rational for the study Asylum seekers and refugees have been the subject of media as well as political attention for many years. However, they receive bad publicity and majority of the time are stigmatised. They are perceived to come to the UK to take advantage of the welfare system and to receive host of benefits and entitlements. However, this could not be more wrong as asylum seekers and refugees flee their country not because of choice but due to circumstances and a search for sanctuary and help. They are not allowed to claim benefits and are forced to live 30% below the poverty line (Kirklees Council 2007). Furthermore, most of the asylum seekers come from well off backgrounds; and it is only the rich and well off that are able to make the long journey, and hold skilled jobs in their native countries (FPH 2008). Asylum seekers and refugees are most vulnerable groups of people at risk of developing mental problems (FPH 2008). Although there is awareness that asylum seekers and refugees are more likely to experience psychological problems factors such as asylum and immigration policies as well as social and economic exclusion and racism all exacerbate their mental condition. Having experienced all kinds of atrocities from torture, rape, imprisonment, witnessing killings, loss etc., they are faced with further problems once arriving in the UK and their mental state further deteriorates. Although refugees and asylum seekers physical health needs are usually no greater than the host populations this is not the case in relation to mental illness. There are many gaps in our knowledge about the extent of mental health issues affecting asylum seekers and what should be done in addressing these concerns. There is hardly any scholarly literature available on this topic and the general population need to be more aware of the issues and challenges faced by asylum seekers, and what effect it has on their mental health. 1.7 Aims Chapter two 2.1 Method A review was carried out of studies investigating the mental health of asylum seekers. The results and findings of carefully selected and reliable studies, searched systematically from databases and published sources were summarised. Other sources included NHS, Home Office, charity organisations, books, newspapers and magazines, and finally a general internet search was conducted. The following electronic databases were used CINHAL, Medline, BMJ, Cochrane, Pubmed, Academic search complete, and psycho info. The task of reviewing was done very methodically, with step to step plan being implemented, which involved: * the way existing studies are found * how the relevant studies are judged in terms of their usefulness in answering the question. The following search was performed, searching the title, abstract and any subject heading fields in each database, for example asylum seekers, mental health, health effects of detention. Studies published in journals were selected that involved asylum seekers and mental health, irrespective of whether the research question was addressed directly. Abstracts were screened against set criteria, and if they met the criteria full copies were obtained and looked at and relevant information extracted. Cited references were also looked at. Chapter three Results and Analysis 3.1 Health needs of Asylum-seekers The basic health needs of refugees and asylum seekers are generally similar to those of the host population, although due to poor and lack of healthcare they may have many conditions untreated. Figure 3: Most common health issues affecting asylum seekers. (Wilson 2002). The above graph, taken from a report done by Northern and Yorkshire public health observatory (Wilson 2002) shows the most frequent health issues encountered by asylum seekers. The general/minor health issues includes coughs, colds, flu, viral infections etc. Mental health issues are the most common and include anything from depression, anxiety, stress, loneliness, to torture related psychological problems, post traumatic stress etc. (Wilson 2002). People seeking asylum come from different countries and cultures, and have had range of different experiences affecting their health and nutritional state. Once in the UK they face further problems affecting their health such as the effects of poverty, dependence and lack of cohesive social support. On top of this they face racial discrimination which can result in inequalities in health and also have an impact on opportunities in and quality of life. Their experiences also shape their acceptance and expectations of health care in the UK (Burnett et al 2001). Those from countries with not so well developed health care system may expect hospital referral for conditions that in the UK are treated in primary care. This can result in refugees and asylum seekers feeling disappointed and health workers feeling irritated and overwhelmed by the many and varying needs of asylum seekers (Burnett at al 2001). Most refugees experience difficulties in expressing health needs and in accessing health care. Poverty and social exclusion have a negative impact on health. Initially refugees and asylum seekers will need help to make contact with health and social support agencies. Professional interpreters are also essential, as they help to overcome both bi-lingual and inter-cultural communication and as a result able to understand the specific health needs of asylum seekers (Bhatia et al 2007). Although the health needs of asylum seekers and refugees should be a priority, the availability and capacity of healthcare services should also be considered. There is a general feeling amongst healthcare providers that the decision about where to disperse asylum seekers are based purely on the availability of accommodation and factors such as the capacity of healthcare services are not taken into account (Johnson 2003). However, healthcare providers agree that the presence of asylum seekers highlights existing weaknesses in healthcare provision and does not necessarily create new problems (Johnson 2003). Due to the complex and confusing legal status of asylum seekers, the majority of healthcare providers are unsure how asylum status relates to healthcare entitlements. NHS staff are usually ignorant about the rights and entitlements of immigrants, and are also not adequately trained (Johnson 2003). 3.2 Mental Health and its causes Mental Health is defined as a state of well-being in which every individual realizes his or her own potential, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to her or his community (WHO 2010). Mental Illness is defined as any disease of the mind; the psychological state of someone who has emotional or behavioural problems serious enough to require psychiatric intervention (Save the Children 2010). The very nature of seeking asylum or human rights protection in the UK means that a person has suffered in some way in their country of origin and is looking for protection and safety in the UK. Nearly all those seeking asylum have experienced some form of atrocities that mental health issues are almost always intrinsically bound with their personal circumstances and nature of their claim (Burnett et al 2001). However, due to the stigmas and taboos associated with anyone suffering from any problems of the mind most people do not mention their mental suffering (Save the Children 2010). Most see mental illness as an enduring problem from which there is no recovery. It is therefore evident that those dealing with asylum seekers must address mental health issues with each applicant, making it clear to them that there is support and treatment available to them. It is crucial that asylum seekers feel safe and supported in order for them to reveal details not only crucial to their claim but also crucial to letting the person assisting them identify and provide assistance for the persons particular need (Save the Children 2010). Majority of the asylum seekers will show signs and symptoms of psychological distress, but this does not necessarily mean that they are suffering from mental illness. Asylum seekers may show symptoms of depression and anxiety, panic attacks, poor sleeping patterns, nervousness and anxiousness (Burnett 2002). They may also develop behaviours to avoid stimuli that reminds them of past experiences, with some also experiencing memory and concentration problems (Burnett 2002). Such symptoms are often reactions to their past experiences and current situations. Many of them will have been forced to leave their family behind or may even not know the whereabouts of their family. Their state of mental health may worsen due to social isolation, poverty, hostility and racism, which all have a negative impact on their health (Burnett et al 2002). Arrival, detention and uncertainty, practical issues, e.g. housing, lack of employment, living in a climate of prejudice, family dislocation and reunion, domestic violence and living in the shadow of deportation are all reasons identified that contribute to the poor mental state of asylum seekers and refuges (Burnett 2002). Majority of the asylum seekers have suffered some sort of prosecution and harassment in their country of origin, enduring torture, rape or bereavement. They have also experienced the stress of flight and exile. Psychological morbidity has been extensively documented among refugee populations (Burnett et al 2002). The experience of detention compounds the misery of refugees. Captivity is stressful in any context, but is particularly debilitating when it occurs over an indeterminate period and to people who have had previously traumatic experiences of detention (Burnett 2002). Some asylum seekers show signs of anxiety, depression, guilt and shame as a result of the atrocities they may have suffered. Such symptoms are common responses to grief and distress and should not be viewed as psychiatric illness. Common experiences in asylum seekers and refugees after trauma include poor sleeping patterns, distressing dreams, headaches, palpitations, sweating, loss of concentration, jumpiness, low mood and frequent crying, irritability etc. Symptoms such as consistent failure to carry out daily tasks, frequent expressed suicidal thoughts and ideas, social withdrawal and self-neglect, and behaviour that is abnormal or strange are symptoms that may require specialist help (Burnett 2002). 3.3 Mental health of dispersed asylum seekers One of the major initiatives introduced by the Asylum and Immigration Act 1999 is the dispersal of asylum seekers requiring provision of long-term accommodation form London and the South-East to other parts of the UK (Cornelius 2007). This is due to the fact that long term accommodation is more readily available and cheaper and also to lessen pressure on services and resentment by local communities. However, it is believed that dispersal of asylum seekers is associated with higher rates of psychiatric disorder (Heptinstall et al 2004). Other issues such as loss of newly established support networks, racially motivated crime against dispersed asylum seekers are also common (Heptinstall et al 2004). Although most asylum seekers cope quite well with dispersal, there are those however that become distressed and show signs of dispersal-related mental disorder (Cornelius 2007). Supporting such individuals can be challenging for most mental health clinicians. Asylum seekers referred because of dispersal-related mental disorder can be divided into two broad categories: mild to moderate psychiatric disorder and severe psychiatric disorder (Cornelius 2007). The majority of affected individuals are likely to experience mild to moderately severe psychiatric disorder with no major risk concerns, whereas a small proportion of individuals may have severe psychiatric disorder such as psychosis or a severe depressive episode associated with risk of harm to self or others (Cornelius 2007). The differing severity, complexity and risk profile of these two groups suggest that mental health strategies for support are likely to be different (Cornelius 2007). Clinicians should undertake a detailed assessment of the needs and risk profiles of asylum seekers, with the aide of interpreters with knowledge of mental health issues. If the outcome of the assessment shows the individual to have forms of mild to moderate severe psychiatric disorder with no major risks then the mental health support should be focused on helping the individual accept and adjust to dispersal (Cornelius 2007). However, individuals may show signs of being acutely psychotic and severely disturbed with risk of harming themselves and others and such individuals should not be dispersed. There is evidence to suggest that abrupt cessation of psychiatric treatment can result in serious deterioration of the individuals mental health and compromise long-term recovery (Cornelius 2007). 3.4 Children and Adolescents Although the majority of asylum seekers and refugees are adults, there are however many children who arrive in the UK seeking refuge. While some arrive with family, there are those that arrive alone as unaccompanied asylum-seeking children. These children are likely, at an emotional level to have experienced some sort of terror, grief, shame, guilt etc. (Burnett 2002). They may have experienced imprisonment, beatings, rape, they may have witnessed others subjected to violence, or been subjected to torture due to their political or religious belief of their parents, their colour of skin, and may have lost or been separated from their family. All these experiences and events have different impacts on children. Refugee Children and asylum-seekers are more likely to develop psychological problems due to their experiences (Mind 2009). These children may experience both physical and psychological symptoms that trouble them such as sleep disturbances, feeling of loneliness, isolation, difficulty in learning and a general feeling of unhappiness and anger. They may experience anxiety, aggression, nightmares, poor concentration, withdrawal, and behaviour such as bed-wetting (Burnett 2002). Although unaccompanied children are most likely to suffer from mental health problems, children with families present may also suffer from mental health problems as a result of finding themselves feeling unsupported and having to fend for themselves due to absent parents as a result of work or other problems. Furthermore, parents dealing with their own emotional problems are unlikely to care for their children properly, which can result in psychological and physical problems (McCormack et al 2005). 3.5 Health implications of detained asylum seekers Health professionals world wide are concerned about the potential detrimental effects detention has on the mental health of the detainees (Procter 2005). An experiment carried out by Sultan and OSullivan in which they observed participants inside an immigration centre found that 32 of 33 detainees displayed symptoms of major depressive illness (Procter 2005). The majority also showed deterioration in their mental state as the length of detention increased. Detained children also showed signs and symptoms of mental distress, which included anxiety, disruptive conduct, nocturnal enuresis, sleep disturbances, nightmares, sleepwalking as well as cognitive development (Procter 2005). Once released the detainees mental illness is likely to deteriorate and it is known that adult asylum seekers who have been in immigration detention display a threefold increase in mental illness subsequent to their release (Procter 2005). Trauma, upsetting memories about detention, feeling of hopelessness and sadness are the common symptoms experienced by those detained. These symptoms were also present among detainees in an investigation carried out by Dudley (2003), who also found rioting, violence, and hunger strikes common inside immigration detention facilities with 264 incidents of self-harm reported over an 8-month period among detainees (Procter 2005). Once the detainees are released from immigration detention, they face new challenges and stresses in the context of existing mental health problems (Procter 2005). In another study carried out by Thompson and colleagues found that Tamil asylum seekers detained during 1997 and 1998 found the detainees experiencing high levels of depression, post-traumatic stress, anxiety, panic and physical symptoms compared to those asylum seekers living in the community (Steel et al 2004). This study found detention to be injurious to the mental health of asylum seekers with mental health deteriorating with increased length of detention. The study also indicated that adults and children are regularly distressed by memories of detention and feeling of immense sadness and hopelessness about being in detention. Parents of children also felt they were unable to care for or support and control their childrens behaviour (Steel et al 2004). Hundreds of children are detained in immigration centres every year in the UK because their families face deportation. Medical experts say this can have harmful health implications on the children. The Royal Colleges of Paediatrics, GPs and Psychiatrists say other countries have found alternatives to detention and want the British government to take a different approach to stop the physical and psychological damage suffered by children (Wilson 2009). These children are among the most vulnerable and detention causes unnecessary harm to their mental and physical health. The average stay of children at Yarls Wood, the UKs largest immigration removal centre, is fifteen days but a third are detained for more than a month. Detaining children for any length of time is a frightening experience that can have lifelong consequences (Wilson 2009). As well as the potential psychological impact, these children invariably experience poor physical health as they cannot access immunisation and preventative services (Wilson 2009). 3.6 Previous research/studies on health of asylum seekers Knowledge about asylum seekers health and access to health care services is still limited. Literature on asylum seekers health mainly concerns mental health problems and infectious diseases. Burnett Peel reviewed the literature and found that one in six asylum seekers had severe physical problems and two-thirds had experienced mental problems. Prevalent physical problems included tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS, hepatitis A and B, parasitic diseases, and non-specific body pains (Burnett et al 2001). Mental health problems include depression and Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, which are due to traumatic experiences, including torture. Asylum seekers are at the risk of having many and severe health problems of a varied nature. Literature on asylum seekers use of health care services and the barriers they face when seeking care is hard to find. Asylum seekers, however, find themselves in a difficult situation as they are residing in a country, sometimes for years while waiting for a decision in their case, without necessarily having the same legal rights as citizens. They may face limitations on access to health care compared with the citizens. This combined with the asylum seekers already vulnerable health and with possible restrictions on access to care may result in their health deteriorating (Burnett et al 2001). Studies carried out in the UK have found that one in six refugees has a physical health problem severe enough to affect their life with two thirds having experienced anxiety or depression. Medical screening of newly arrived asylum seekers exist in the majority of the EU countries as well as the UK. However differences exist in the way medical screening is carried out. In the UK medical screening is only carried out in the so-called induction or reception centres. Newly arrived asylum seekers who do not enter these centres access medical screening randomly. Medical screening may be available for asylum seekers living outside the centres, but using it depends on individual initiative and there might be a number of barriers. Medical screening programmes also differ in their content from one EU country to another. For example, TB screening was included in the screening programmes of all countries but one, whereas screening for mental health problems was carried out in less than half the countries (Norredam et al 2005). Overall, medical screening programmes appear to have two aims. One is to secure the well being of asylum seekers, and the other to guarantee the safety of the population in the host country. The content of the screening programmes is likely to depend on how the country priorities these aims. For example, screening for infectious diseases seems more related to the safety of the host population and mental health screening more to the well being of asylum seekers (Norredam et al 2005). Regarding access to health care, the study shows that access was restricted to only emergency care at the time of arrival in 10 countries (Norredam et al 2005). The results, however, do not show, if some countries offered alternative measures in case of chronic illness. The study also found that asylum seekers faced a number of practical barriers when seeking health care. Most of the barriers were concerned with immigrant populations in general, and are related to language, culture, and lack of information about the health care system in the host country. However, practical barriers specific for asylum seekers were also identified. The most severe of which include waiting for months or years on paperwork that will ensure access to health care, while only having access to emergency care in the meantime. The literature also shows that asylum seekers access to health care may be compounded by other barriers, such as confinement in detention centres, and dispersal policies leading to dis ruptive and compromised care (Norredam et al 2005). The study also shows how legal access to health care services have changed over time for asylum seekers in three countries. Asylum seekers rights to health care are immediately restricted to emergency care if their application is refused (Norredam et al 2005). Failed asylum seekers may also be stripped of the other rights in an attempt to force them out of the host country. Failed asylum seekers include persons who cannot return because their countries are deemed unsafe by UNHCR. UK is one of the countries using increasingly restrictive measures towards failed asylum seekers. Failed asylum seekers used to have free access to NHS, but since 2004 they cannot obtain free secondary health care (Norredam et al 2005). In another study in which the impact of detention on asylum seekers was examined, found that detainees are rendered hopeless and powerless in detention (Pourgourides 1997). The unknown duration and reasons for detention mean they are unable to make sense of their predicament and deal with it in a meaningful way. The unpredictable outcome of detention, in particular the fear of deportation is a constant cause of stress. Detention denies asylum seekers the resources to cope with adversity, blocks adaptation to the host society and impairs psychological healing (Pourgourides 1997). Depression, anxiety, demotivation and despondency are all responses to detention as well as misery and suffering (Pourgourides 1997). The study highlighted high levels of stress and distress amongst detainees. The detainees appear to be able to cope for the first month or two in detention but then after that they become increasingly frustrated, demotivated and apathetic. They start showing signs of psychological symptoms such as sleep and appetite disturbances, symptoms of post-traumatic stress, psychosomatic symptoms etc

Theme Huckleberry Finn Essay :: essays research papers

The book Huckleberry Finn, by Mark Twain, has many themes that appear throughout the text. One such theme is that people must live outside of society to be truly free. If one lives outside of society, then they do not have to follow all of its laws and try to please everyone. They would not be held back by the fact that if they do something wrong, they would be punished for doing it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This theme relates to Huck Finn in a major way. When Huck is with the widow and is learning how to be civilized, he is always feeling uncomfortable. He doesn't like it much and wishes to go back to his normal life out in the wilderness. However, when he thinks about not doing something that the widow is trying to make him do, he remembers where he is, in society. If he doesn't do these things he will be an outsider and society will not accept him as much. As he is on the river, he lays back and relaxes all the time. Whenever he goes back into society, he finds that he can not live within its limits so he always denies who he really is and makes up some false identity all the time. When he finally runs from society at the end, one last time, it was clear that he believed that society was too much for him. Also that they would try to make him civilized again, which he didn't want, so he goes off alone to finally be truly free of his troubles and restraints.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This is also seen in the character Jim. While Jim is with Miss Watson, he is a slave. She isn't the one who made him that way, it was society. She was good to him and never did him any harm, but the fact is that no matter how good she was to him, he still was only a slave. When Jim runs away, he finally sees that there was a way to be truly free and that was to not live within society. When Jim is in the woods on the island, he just starts to realize what it is to be free and what it is like to live on his own. After he meets Huck in the woods he also realizes what it is like to have a friend. Society kept him from having both of these, freedom and friends.

Lecture Week

Find the stress in the same elastic plate under the combined loading. Solution: Known the stress functions in the two different loading cases. Thus the stress functions can be added directly as per the â€Å"superposition principle†. 4. 7 Solution Approaches and Skills Introduction After define the B. C. , one should solve for three groups of unknowns: Displacement: u,v,w Strain Stress It is however impossible to solve for these unknowns altogether. We often have to solve one or two groups first. As such we have four different methods: displacement teeth, strain method, stress method and mixed method.Fig. 4. 8 Flowchart of displacement method (replace stress and strain by displacement). Displacement Method Unknowns: u, v, w Procedure: Other two sets of the unknown variables must be eliminated from the equations. Thus we replace strain and stress in displacements, which can be done as follows: We derive (refer to Tutorial Question #3, Week 5) where Lovelace operator: and After obtain u, v, w, one can calculate strain by using strain-displacement equation and then calculate the stress by using Hooker's law.Note that the solution must satisfy the boundary conditions. Stress Method Unknowns: Procedure: Solve for stress component first and then strains and displacements. Strain Method 4. 8 Problem 1: Solution to Cylinder under Internal and External Pressure Introduction It is convenient to use cylindrical coordinate system for many engineering problem which involves in circular geometry (e. G. Fig. 4. 8). Cylindrical coordinate system Similar to Cartesian coordinate system, cylindrical system consists of 3 independent coordinates: (r, 0, z) as shown in Fig. 4. 9.Equilibrium equations in AD cylindrical system (can be derived by replacing coordinate): Strain-Displacement relations: Normal: Hooker's Law in AD: Displacement Method Step 1: Check the Boundary conditions: At:Ã'› Shear: Step 2 Analysis: The deformation is asymmetric and under plane strain. So the d eformation is independent of coordinate z and 0. Thus the circumferential and axial displacement v and w vanish, and displacements can be expressed as: Step 3 Strain – Displacement relation: Step 4 Apply Hooker's law: Step 5: Equilibrium Equations The second and third equations are satisfied automatically.The first equation is: Substitution of Hooker's law into the above equation of Thus Step 6: Solve for this linear and static ordinary differential equation Thus its solution an be assumed as (Displacement Method) (in which CLC and co are constants to be determined by using B. C. ) Step 7: plug this trial function (solution) into the Strain – Displacement equations Similarly, we can have: where . Now the question is how to determine A and B. Equations. Step 8: Apply B. C. O determine the constants which leads to: and From A and B we can calculate CLC and co: Step 9: Calculate all the functions Displacements: Strains: Stresses: Plane Stress Problem: Replacing E and 0 by and , we can further obtain the solution to the corresponding plane stress problems. Plant stress Fig. 4. 0 Pressurized cylinder with plane strain and plane stress Displacement: Remarks: are independent on material properties. The cylinder made of any materials will have the same stress values and thus if strength is the major concern, one should select the highest strength material.However, the displacement and strains are dependent on material properties. If the stiffness is the main concern, a higher E modulus material should be chosen. When , one have Since , the radial stress (always negative) and (always positive). Thus: . As all shear stresses are zero, thus the principal stresses are: 4. 9 Saint-Vents Principle In the cantilever beam problem, some observed some difference of stress contours as shown in Fig. 4. 11.Saint Vents observed that in pure bending of a beam conforms a rigorous solution only when the external forces applied at the ends of beams are distributed over th e end is the same as internal stress distribution, I. E. Linear distribution. Saint Vents Principle: If the force acting on a small portion of the surface of an elastic body are replaced by another statically equivalent system of forces acting on the same portion of the surface, such redistribution of loading produces substantial change in stress locally tit a linear dimensions of the surface on which the force are changed†.Two key assumptions: (1) very small loading area compared with the whole dimension. The affected area will be much smaller than the unaffected area Unaffected>>Affected. E. G in the tensile bar as shown in Fig 4. 12, L>>a, in which the affected area will take roughly: Aziza. (2) Force replaced must be statically equivalent. The replacement must not change either the resultant force or resultant couple. For example the slender bar is stretched in different ways as below, where one can approximately define the effected and unaffected areas.Tensile test In the tensile test, the way of holding a specimen has no effect on the stress and deformation in the middle region of the specimen. In test code requires a sufficient length of the specimen to avoid the end effect on the testing result. It is an application of Saint-Pennant's principle. Four-point bending The better positioning of strain gauge should be in a far field as shown below to get more stable and reliable testing result. Cantilever beam in FEE The end force can be applied in different way, which only affects a small area as shown.

Free Essays on Play In Early Childhood Development

"play in early childhood development" â€Å"The most general examinations of play are embedded in the exploration/play literature. This research suggests that the pllay of preschoolers is followed by diverse exploration, or searching the environment for stimuli that are arousing. Research defines play as a rather stable set of responses to stimuli, such as casual and easily distracted attention to objects and stereotyped actions, whereas exploration is seen as more deliberate and often stereotyped. Children in these settings are observed alone in laboratory settings suggests that play has a solitary dimension. The transition from play to diverse exploration is continuous, rather than discontinuous† (Boyd & Pellegrini 106). Exploration is a common behavior engaged in by infants from birth to approximately 2 years of age. Exploration can be solitary or social, with social exploration typically involving a parent or another adult. Mastering and ignoring comments relevant to skills already mastered or beyond their capabilities is relevant to tasks that they are in the process of learning (Boyd & Pellegrini 110). Children begin to engage in fantasy generally during the second year of life. like other forms of play, the frequency of occurrence increases over the next 3 to 4 years, and then declines (Boyd & Pellegrini 110). When children are between 1  ½ and 2 years of age, substitutions are dependent upon realistic props, for example, a doll. Children progress from such transformations to using less realistic props and then to using no props at all (Boyd & Pellegrini 111). This can be commonly seen among children who have an â€Å"imaginary friend† or who pretend to be rocking a doll who is not really there. Children also engage in fantasy on the playground. Boys generally choose to play outdoors more than girls do and exhibit more complex behavior while outdoors. So the â€Å"effects† of playground variables may be ... Free Essays on Play In Early Childhood Development Free Essays on Play In Early Childhood Development "play in early childhood development" â€Å"The most general examinations of play are embedded in the exploration/play literature. This research suggests that the pllay of preschoolers is followed by diverse exploration, or searching the environment for stimuli that are arousing. Research defines play as a rather stable set of responses to stimuli, such as casual and easily distracted attention to objects and stereotyped actions, whereas exploration is seen as more deliberate and often stereotyped. Children in these settings are observed alone in laboratory settings suggests that play has a solitary dimension. The transition from play to diverse exploration is continuous, rather than discontinuous† (Boyd & Pellegrini 106). Exploration is a common behavior engaged in by infants from birth to approximately 2 years of age. Exploration can be solitary or social, with social exploration typically involving a parent or another adult. Mastering and ignoring comments relevant to skills already mastered or beyond their capabilities is relevant to tasks that they are in the process of learning (Boyd & Pellegrini 110). Children begin to engage in fantasy generally during the second year of life. like other forms of play, the frequency of occurrence increases over the next 3 to 4 years, and then declines (Boyd & Pellegrini 110). When children are between 1  ½ and 2 years of age, substitutions are dependent upon realistic props, for example, a doll. Children progress from such transformations to using less realistic props and then to using no props at all (Boyd & Pellegrini 111). This can be commonly seen among children who have an â€Å"imaginary friend† or who pretend to be rocking a doll who is not really there. Children also engage in fantasy on the playground. Boys generally choose to play outdoors more than girls do and exhibit more complex behavior while outdoors. So the â€Å"effects† of playground variables may be ...

Gang Mentality in America †A Breif Overview

Gang Mentality in America – A Breif Overview Free Online Research Papers The Criminal Mind, I feel my final paper should reflect the subject of gangs, and gang violence in American society, as well as the irrefutable damage this problem causes for everyone. Because it is an important aspect to the concept of this course, I will cover the reality of gangs as I see it in relation to criminal thinking. Although the subject of gang violence is globally apparent, and is seen in many variations regarding custom and culture and because it goes beyond the scope of this essay to cover every aspect of the gang mentality, its background, and its future, I shall narrow my focus on the American example of street gangs, specifically, its relevance to the many mannerisms and identifying factors of the criminal mind. The subject of gangs and the gang mentality has been an unfortunate reality in the United States since its initial beginning in the mid 1500s. From the â€Å"Allegiance,† a rural criminal gang during Revolutionary era New England, who raided cabins and villages, thieving, raping and murdering its victims, to the organized gang enforcer and professional luters known as the â€Å"Bummers† during the American Civil War era, the gang presence has been with us from the start, and has most likely coexisted within the human condition all along. This reality, although harsh, has proven to remain relativily the same regardless of technology and educational advances of modern day. To this end, the exemplification of these modern gangs and organized criminal societies will be shown in both the researched aspects, consisting of up-to-date law enforcement statistics and visual representations, such as the identifying factors of modern U.S. gangs, like tattoos, grafetti and insignias. And, because this subject is so vast, only the most relative and active gangs will be used for exemplification for this paper. Gangs in America: A Brief Review. The problem of gangs is prevalent in todays society. There are many reasons why so many youths join gangs. Gangs are more available to young people today than ever before. When students lack academic achievement, they often also lack social success and involvement in school activity. Less than desirable home and family circumstances compound the youths problems. They become more vulnerable to the fascination of gangs. Law enforcement agencies have to deal with the problems of gangs, and they must act to curtail that problem. According to Loundsbury (1996), there are six reasons why youths join gangs: (1) Young people need an identity, (2) Young people need to bond, (3) youths join gangs is to be perceived as competent in some area, or any area, (4) Youths feel safe and secure in gangs, (5) Young people join gangs to become members of something new, exciting and different, and (6) Young people join gangs for acceptance. (p. 211) In other words, young people join gangs due to anomie, they have a lack of purpose; a lack of identity. With todays society being what it is there is a sense of rootlessness in young people. This anomie causes them to turn to gangs for needs that are not being met in familial and pedagogical environments. They lack ethical values due to societys broken home status, and many parents are not able to parent their children because of second jobs, or simply not having parenting skills. There are many theories associated with the gang activity and deviance in general, such as the strain theory, differential association, and social control†¦The number of gangs in America is astounding. According to Danitz (1998) there are 75 documented gangs that are operating in Washington, DC alone. Lt. Lawrence W. Thomas, who is the commander of the department that monitors gang activity in Washington, feels that this is not bad when compared to other major cities. In a 1996 report it was found that there are an estimated 250 crews, mobs, and posses active at 10 different high schools, eight junior-high schools, two middle schools and two adult education centers. This in is complete contradiction with the argument that there is no gang problem. Denial does not make the problem dissipate. When cities deny that there is a gang problem they deny themselves of federal financial assistance in the fighting or prevention of gang related problems. (p.14). Police departments and others are fighting to teach children to reject the call of the streets, and to be a part of other, more positive day programs in their communities. In one area a program called GREAT was formed. This is an acronym for Gang Resistance Education and Training program, which teaches children the things they need to know about how to survive on the street. Drug information is covered, and so is the effects of alcohol use. The children learn lessons on how to treat people. Police administer the GREAT program. It is a government nonprofit program whose purpose is to prevent the ruination of childrens lives form gang involvement, crime and violence. According to Brogan (1995), George Akerlof and Janet L. Yellon posit that community values can be an asset in the control of gang activity. Community cooperation with the police is dependent upon the neighborhoods prevalent value choices. (p. 24) The best solution to the problem of gangs is to stop them from forming. This can be done in several ways. One organization alone can not end the problem of gangs. However, when society works together as a whole, the efforts of law enforcement to curtail the problem of gangs can be maximized to their fullest potential. Lounsbury (1996) believes that a students lack of academic achievement is often accompanied by a lack of social success and involvement in school activities. Further, when home and family circumstances are less than desirable, some students problems are compounded, and they become vulnerable to the lure of gangs. (p. 211) Law Enforcement efforts to curtail the problem of gangs should include community policing programs. When a police officer is seen regularly in the community, he/she becomes a role model instead of a bad guy. When the community and the police work together in cooperative programs each benefits from those programs. If a child sees that police are their friends and that someone really does care about them, they are less inclined to join gangs. If a child is prevented form joining a gang, the problem is on its way to being solved. Law Enforcement agencies first need to admit that there is a gang problem. Many refuse to do so. Once they admit that there is a problem, they are well on their way to fixing the problem. Many law enforcement agencies deny the existence of gangs. In that way they do not have to legitimize gangs. Law enforcement agencies, communities and schools must work together in order to stop the problem of gangs. No one person or agency is able to do this alone. They must all work together for the common goal of fighting gangs. In this way, the problem can and will be solved. One manner in which the problem of gangs was solved is the GREAT program. It works with kids in the fifth, sixth and seventh grades, where officers go into the classrooms for one class period per week and talk to the children about what happens to kids in gangs, how to set goals and resist peer pressure, as well as how to resolve conflicts and problems without resorting to violence. The students really enjoy the program because of the perks, which include day trips and summer camp, all paid for by the police department. Danitz (1998) posits that the law enforcement community alone can not solve the problem of gangs. Further assistance is necessary for this problem to be solved. Children need role models. The police can not be everywhere at all times. The schools, communities and families must also play a viable part in the solution to the problem of gangs. (p. 246) Children need an alternative to gangs. If something else meets the social needs of the child he/she will not resort to gangs. In the theory of differential association, young people that are involved in gangs are likely to antagonize their peers into becoming a member of a gang. Agnew Brezina (1997), feel that the measures of social control, as well as differential association are important gauges into delinquent behavior. Because of this, it is possible for a person with a low level of social control to adopt deviant behavior, such as gang activity. Moreover, these authors seem to posit that social control may be reduced by peer association and deviant beliefs, or in other words, strain measures have a reciprocal relation to both social control and differential association. Although both authors suggest that if a child can be drawn away from gangs, then half the battle is won, with the prevalence of gangs, however, it is nonetheless, difficult to keep a child from being confronted by the gang mentality, when that is all he or she sees, and that sight looks so much better than what he or she has or has not. Because of this, society has a difficult task of keeping the gang away from the child and the child away from the gang, but it can be done. In some contexts, consideration of gangs has moved from a curious cultural phenomenon to a pernicious economic force embedded in the economic and political systems of the society, sometimes competing for authority with school and church†¦Gangs are geographically and culturally diverse, and almost uniformly they are connected with delinquency, yet some argue that delinquency is a correlate of the term, gang, and not a defining characteristic. Furthermore, gang members have been involved in a sufficient number of delinquent incidents to call forth a consistent negative response from neighborhood residents and/or law enforcement agencies. With the increased prevalence and sophistication of the arming of youth, public perceptions of threat from gangs seem to be at an all time high. A recent Gallup Poll (Associated Press, 1994) showed that adults viewed fighting, violence, and gangs as the biggest problem confronting public schools. Young people live in two social worlds. One is in the cultural surrounding of peers in school and at leisure. The other is the familial world of the family and home. When with their peers, young people are in a domain with its own rules of dress, behavior, music, and speech. There is an emphasis on popularity and physical attractiveness, and for some, athletic success. The family environment has been known to clash with the peer culture, and school. The transition between the two cultures is frequent since it occurs at least twice per day in normal situations. According to Warr (1993), Criminologists have long recognized the importance of family and peers in the etiology of delinquency, but these two influences are commonly analyzed in isolation. However, if peers are treated as potential instigators of delinquency (following differential association theory) and parents as potential barriers to delinquency (following control theory), a crucial question emerges: Is parental influence capable of counteracting the influence of delinquent peers? Analysis of data from the National Youth Survey reveals that the amount of time spent with family is indeed capable of reducing and even eliminating peer influence. By contrast, attachment to parents (the affective relation between parents and offspring) apparently has no such effect†¦Instead,it appears to affect delinquency indirectly by inhibiting the initial formation of delinquent friendships. (p. 247) Joining a gang is considered to be a delinquent behavior, therefore, this is applicable to the problem of gangs. Young people join gangs because of differential association. Other gang members make gangs activity seem cool. Since the child is influenced by the cultures both inside and outside of the home, it would be in society’s best interest to purport the familial unit to the child. This assists the law enforcement agencies in curtailing the problem of gangs. If a child gets what he needs from home and school he or she will not need the gang relationship. Parents are not playing the positive role models that they should. Without positive role models the child is going to formulate delinquent peers through differential association, even though parents do not activity condone gang activity. Even those that have been involved in criminal activity know the seriousness of becoming a gang member. It is not something the parent wants for his or her child, but by not being there when a child needs him or her, the parent is giving the child over to gang membership and the many problems associated with gang activity. Where is the parent when the gang offers the child an identity? The child needs an identity. They want to be recognized and regarded as part of something unique. Gangs give them an identity that will distinguish them. Gang members have their own colors. They oftentimes have tattoos. They have their own turf. Where is the parent when the child needs to bond? Young people need to bond. They join gangs to become included in something they perceive as meaningful, something that gives them a sense of family where they oftentimes had none, or they were estranged from them. Many gang members only have their gangs. They do not have families. The gang is their family. They need to bond with other human beings since they are not able to bond with their families. Where is the parent when the child needs to be perceived as competent at something? Young people join gangs is to be perceived as competent. This is true even though they are successful in an area that is not valued by society. Just being in a gang gives them an aura of success. This perception is skewed. To them being a gang member is being somebody. They are no longer just a nobody. They are members of a gang. Where is the parent when a young person needs to feel safe? Young people feel safe and secure in gangs. They have a familial unit in gangs. They know that the other gang members will protect them. They swear an oath to their gang to never leave. Only death takes a person out of a gang. They become one with the gang, instead of with the family unit. Identification: A Terminology Manual and Pictorial Guide. Under each gang heading, detailed information can be found describing graphic renditions and explanatory information regarding the gang. The designs might be rendered in the form of graffiti, tattoos or other symbols. Street gangs are not a new phenomenon they have existed in every country in one form or another throughout recorded history. There is a long history of street gangs in most metropolitan areas of the US, the first of which can be traced back as far as the 1920’s. In the initial stages, family members and close friends bonded together for self defense, then groups provided protection from rival gangs, and eventually, gangs came to rely on criminal activities as a source of income Today, street gangs can be a major challenge to criminal justice official, as in recent years, their activities have grown to include drug traffic, extortion, drive-by shootings and numerous acts of random violence. Gang members generally are young and impulsive, striking out at different elements of society in wanton fashion. They often lack the group discipline necessary to prevent members from acting individually or in Ga smaller groups. They intimidate neighborhoods, making citizens extremely reluctant to assist law enforcement officials pursuing criminal investigation. As members of street gangs are confined in prison, they carry their affiliations with them and pose significant control problems. As the number of these individuals in prison grows, they potentially pose a far greater problem to correctional staff than many existing prison gangs. Street gang members share a general outlook on life which includes loyalty to other members and portraying a callous and ruthless image one that can be enhanced by drive-by shooting, robberies or other crimes. The more violent and dangerous a particular gang member is perceived to be, the more respect he is accorded by both fellow and rival gang members. Some members develop a sociopathic mentality that differs radically from other types of juvenile offenders. Most criminally active youth are between the ages of 14 and 25, and most gang members are usually between the age of 9 and 25. However, some members may be in their 30’s or older. There is no traditional chain of command for many of these groups, although older members generally have the most influence. If a chronological approach based on age is used, the usual structural breakdown of street gangs is as follows: Original Gangsters: Other wise known as â€Å"OG’s†, these members are in the upper echelon of gang command. They tend to remain apart from the day-to-day gang activities, with many actually running legitimate businesses as fronts for their gang involvement. Gangsters: The gangster or â€Å"G’s† are the backbone of the street gang. They are usually younger than the original gangster’s, (14-17 years old,) and generally represent rank and file street gang membership. Pee Wees: Also called â€Å"Baby Gangsters†, they are usually (9-13 years old,) and are used by senior gang members for menial task like serving as runners, sentries or writing graffiti. Tiny Gangster: also called â€Å"TG’s† are the youngest member of gangs, usually between the age of six and nine. They primarily carryout very menial tasks for older gang members. Gang Communications: US street gangs place a major emphasis on communications. Many have developed intricate communications methods apparel worn in a specific manner, individual nicknames, selected and easily discernible â€Å"colors†, graphic symbols, and graffiti which have little or no special meaning to the untrained individual who is not a gang member. Gang members often communicate with each other by means of â€Å"placas† a form of nonverbal communication. Hand signs (flashing) and graffiti show gang affiliation, but also communicate ideas, e.g., an impending shooting. Gangs have several different ways of displaying their colors. They wear clothing that is the primary or secondary color of their gang and also may carry colored handkerchiefs to signify gang affiliation. The handkerchief may be carried inside the waist band as a flag. Street gangs are territorial and identify their territory by spray painting graffiti on walls, usually in the predominant color of the gang. The symbols portrayed in the graffiti not only signify turf, but chronicle the current state of gang affairs, rivalries, drug supplies, and other significant information. In essence, gangs believe it is extremely important to protect their symbols from insults by rivals; degradation of a gang symbol is an extreme insult. A gang emblem upside down has been degraded, and numerous gang wars and gang related murders have started with an insult of that type. As street gangs become better financed and more numerous, battles for territorial control become more violent. A potentially deadly tactic for attacking rival gang members is the drive-by shooting gang members using pistols, shotguns, assault rifles, or fully automatic weapons fire on targets from moving vehicles. Of the many homicides resulting from drive-by shootings, many have involved innocent bystanders. Gang Organization: Typically, street gangs lack the sophisticated organizational structure, discipline, and lack the sophisticated organizational structure, discipline, and narrowly-focused mission of established adult gangs, such as the Aryan Brotherhood, Texas Syndicate, and others, or of other major disruptive groups such as La Cosa Nostra and South American drug cartels. However, gangs in a few cities are quite sophisticated, and have aligned themselves under umbrella structures called â€Å"Nations† or â€Å"Sets†. How gang activity affects the community: 1. Increases in crime. 2. Increases in cost for police services. 3. Increases in cost for security services for businesses, and schools. 4. Increases burden on social services for businesses and schools. 5. Increased burden on social service systems and emergency and hospital systems. 6. Influences business recruitment, and overall city economic development impacts overall image of city, causes trauma, grief, confusion and depression over the injury and death of a loved one because of gang violence. 7. Increases the likelihood of you becoming a victim of crime, damages personal property through acts of vandalism. 8. Increases fear for your personal safety or the safety of your neighborhood. 9. May cause you to become a victim of harassment and intimidation or other more violent acts of crime such as a drive by shooting. 10. DEATH. Who will gang activity affect: 1. Schools. 2. Movie theatres and arcades. 3. Parks and recreation centers. 4. Sporting events. 5. Shopping centers. 6. Apartments and multiple dwelling complexes. 7. Grocery and convenience stores. 8. Public transportation. 9. Hospital emergency departments. Types of criminal gang activities: 1. Intimidation, harassment, vandalism and criminal trespassing. 2. Shoplifting, burglaries, auto thefts and thefts. 3. Arson, sexual assaults/batteries and firearms/ weapons violations. 4. Robberies, kidnapping, murder, murder for hire, violence against law enforcement and drugs, both sale and possession. Gang Identifiers: The following list represents common identifiers that will help identifying street gang members. Please remember that because you find one of these identifiers on an individual. It does not mean the person is a gang member. To be sure, check further for other common characteristics. As you will see below, Folk Nation members dress to the right, while People Nation dresses to the left. 1. Pant Legs: A. Rolled up on the right side†¦Folk Nation. B. Rolled up on the left side†¦People Nation. 2. Fingernails: A. Gang members sometimes color, nails with their colors. B. The fingernails hat are painted are on the hand their gang represents. 3. Beads: A. A fad taken over by gangs. The beads are worn as part of their clothing, hair dresses, necklaces, or on their Shoes. 4. Hats: A. Tilted to the right†¦Folk Nation. B. Tilted to the left†¦People Nation. 5. Eyebrows, earrings, bandanas: A. Eyebrow hair will have 3 or more cuts in it on the side their gang represents. B. Earrings are worn on the side their gang represents. C. Bandanas are generally worn in the colors of their gang and on the side of the body that represents their gang these bandanas can be tied on the leg, wrist, or hung from the back pockets. Colors and Representations: The following is a brief representation of names and colors of the major gangs throughout the United States. Although there are minor differentials from State-to-State, these colors and symbols are commonplace and identifiable nationwide. Each gang can belong to another gang entity without losing faith for its original gang foundation, and although rare, such mixtures can be seen. 1. Folk Nation. Color: Blue G.S. / Gangster Disciples I.G. / Imperial Gangster Disciples (Miami Clik) I.G.D. / Insane Gangster Disciples B.G.D./Black Gangster Disciples M.G.D. / Maniac Gangster Disciples I.N.P. International posse (Miami clik) Y.L.O. / Young Latin Organization (Miami clik) 2. Crips (Crips and Folks together) Color: Blue Eight -Tray Gangster Rollin 60s Crazy Cs C-II Thug life Cs 3. Bloods. Color: Red L.K / Latin Kings V.L. / Vatos Locos A.M.L.K.Q.D.N. / Almighty Latin Kings and Queen Disciple Nation. 4. Bloods and Kings together. Color: Red U.B. / United Bloods S.B. / Southern Bloods B.B / Bishop Bloods C.B / Chapter 2 Bloods (Branch of the kings set) Piru / Crips who became Bloods (Piru is crip spelled backwards, with the c turned sideways). 5. OTHER CLIKS NOT INVOLVED WITH CRIPS OR BLOODS FROM MIAMI: L.B.B. / Latin Bad Boys Color: (Varies). L.B.H. / Little Havana Boys B.T.B. / Back To Back South Beach Posse D.O.M. Dominators Of Miami Y.L.O. / Young Latin Organization M.M.W. / Miamis Most Wanted P.I.C. / Partners In Crime 27ave Boys O.T.G / Over Town Gangsters H.C. / Hialeah Chicos I.G. / Imperial Gangsters C.H.S. / Chico Hit Squad King park Boys Merrick Park Posse Gland Park Boys Although this constitutes a relatively brief example of the gang structure in America, it should point out the detail of the gang mentality and its resourcefulness towards identification and sense of â€Å"family,† otherwise unknown to the gang member. Folk Symbols: Figure Series A. The following are symbols, and their meaning, used by the FOLKS street gangs, and affiliates to identify themselves. A. Six pointed star 6 principles of King David. B. Pitchfork the Nations power in the struggle to overcome oppression. C. Sword life and death within the nation and the struggle to survive at all costs. D. Devils Horns the nation’s determination to overcome all obstacles. E. Devils Tail the oppression that all non- white people suffer. F. Heart the love of a nation. G. Numbers 7 and 8 the year of the founding of the sons and daughters. Figure Series A. People Symbols: Figure Series B. The following are symbols, and their meanings, used by the PEOPLES street gangs and affiliates to identify themselves. A. Circle 360 degrees of the knowledge that black people once ruled the world and will again. B. Fire represents the Black Nations true knowledge of being suppressed, and their inability to reach knowledge because of the heat created by the fire. C. Darkness or the color black- represents the Black majority, not minority, of the world. D. Cresant Moons represents the splitting of the Black Nations into two parts, one of the West and one of the East. E. Star represents the eye of Allah, watching over his people. F. Pyramid- represents the mystery of the construction of the pyramid, which was constructed by Black people. The three corners of the triangle represent physical, mental, and spiritual knowledge. G. Sun represents the rising of truth in the Black Nation. Used only by Vice Lords. H. Hat- represents shelter. I. Cane- represents the staff of strength. J. Gloves represents purity. K. Latin Kings tattoos/ symbols. L. Five Pointed Crown is a symbol of the Latin Kings. Note the upside down pitchforks, which is a sign of disrespect to the folk nation. Figure Series B. MEXIKANEMI (Texas Mexican Mafia) Not to be confused with the Mexican Mafia (EME) Figure Series C. The Mexikanemi is the largest prison gang found in the Texas DOC. Mexikanemi translated means, Free Mexicans, are a relatively new organization, having formed in 1984. Better known as the Texas Mexican Mafia, it originally started out as a group of Texas DOC inmates trying to become more aware of their cultural heritage. As it grew, it rapidly changed from just being aware to becoming involved in extortion, narcotics trafficking and murder, both inside and outside the prison walls. Figure Series C. LA NUESTRA FAMILIA (NF) Figure Series D. The name translates to Our Family, originally formed in Soledad Prison, California in 1965, the membership is mostly rural, Northern California Hispanics. This very formal organizational structure is governed by a Board of Directors-type group, with a Kill on sight relationship with the Mexican Mafia (EME). This gang is heavily aligned with its Northern counterpart; the Nortenos gang, and is rapidly recruiting and growing in California, New Mexico and Arizona. The Mexican Mafia (EME), not to be confused with Mexikanemi (Texas Mexican Mafia) is a far larger, more influential and feared prison gang and membership is evident within both federal and state prison systems. Organized in the1950s in the California DOC at the Deuel Vocational Center, it’s made up mostly of urban Hispanic inmates from Southern California. This loosely structured military-like chain of command organization, is generally considered a â€Å"blood in-blood-out gang† and is usually at war with the Mexikanemi and the Luestra Familia, AKA: Nortenos or Northern structure. Allied with the Aryan Brotherhood for drug introduction purposes, exchange of hit contracts and financial matters. To this end, the film American Me, reported to be fairly factual, is about the founding of this prison gang. Figure Series D. SKIN HEAD GANGS: Figure Series E. Skinhead groups have been formed, with varying levels of organizational cohesion, in every religion of the country. (See the map on the next page showing where skinheads have been operating). Skinheads in different parts of the country are slowly forming a loose national network, owing their geographical mobility and efforts of more established leaders (particularly Tom Metzger) to publicize their activities. Skinhead leaders from Chicago, Cincinnati, Detroit and Dallas have helped facilitate the organizing of groups in other cities, such as Milwaukee, Memphis, Springfield, Missouri and Toronto. At the same time, skinhead groups in some locations like Cincinnati and Pittsburgh have dropped from view in less than a year. In the case of the San Fernando Valley in Los Angeles County, the arrest of Reich Skin Leader Michael Martin and his subsequent conviction helped result in the dissolution of the group. It appears that effective responses by law enforcement authorities to skinhead violence helps reduce their profile and level of authority, and activity. Figure Series E. CONCLUSION Young people also join gangs to become members of something new, exciting and different. They perceive this change as good. They are willing to go along with whatever the gang does because they want new, exciting experiences. They experience guns and gang wars. They enjoy the thrill of the gang culture. There is no thrill in school or at home. Where is the parent when the young person needs to feel acceptance? Young people join gangs for acceptance. They desire to become a part of something accepting, which offers them a reason for being. Gangs accept anyone who is willing to swear to the oath of the gang. They try to seduce new members with their strength as a family. The child will forsake his/her real family for the gang. Gang membership is simply a way for some young people to meet the human needs for connection and self-esteem. They are not getting their needs met at home or school; so they turn to gangs to get those needs met. Schools do not provide experiences in which students can achieve success on their own. They do not meet the young persons need for self-esteem. Parents are too busy working or they are too tired to meet the needs of their offspring, or in many cases, there are no parents. Schools departmentalize students. They do not actively involve students in the teaching-learning process. Young people today are very diverse. They need their needs met. Gangs meet their needs. Young people today are faced with more situations today, now than ever before. They have to make split second decisions that will affect them for the rest of their lives. They chose gangs, because gangs are a comfort zone for them. They get caught up in the dynamics of gang existence. Those that have families forsake them for gangs, because gangs offer them something that the family does not. For law enforcement to curtail the problem of gangs, they must first get at the problem of families. Various outreach programs can do this. A childs life is at risk in this situation. Law enforcement agencies can not work alone, however. Without the assistance of the community, they have a difficult time of making a dent in the problem of gangs. Not all of a childs needs will ever be completely met by home and school, but those needs are an important consideration. A child is the future generation. If he/she is allowed to succumb to the gang life, he/she will not live to become one of tomorrows leaders. Law enforcement agencies should form task forces to curtail gang development. If children do not see gangs in a positive light they will be more inclined to say no to gang membership. It is of vital importance that programs such as GREAT be initiated in schools. Gangs need to be de-glamorized by the law enforcement agencies. They should have former gang members speak to young people about the serious consequences of gang involvement. They should use whatever scare tactics necessary to dissuade gang membership. They should show the results of gang membership, which is often death due to the violent nature of gang membership, and death is not a pretty picture. Children need a nurturing environment, but they also need an understanding of what gang membership means. Gangs are not a way out of a bad situation; they are, however, a way into an even worse situation. The police can not stop this phenomenon by themselves but they can be leaders in promoting the curtailing of the problem of gangs. References Agnew, Robert; Brezina, Timothy (1997, September), Relational problems with peers, gender, and delinquency, Youth Society, v29 n1 pp. 84(28). Brogan, Thomas C. (1995, June 1), Book reviews, Perspectives on Political Science, Vol. 24, pp. 186. Danitz, Tiffany (1998, July 6), Keeping kids out of gangs, (Nation: Fighting Crime), Insight on the News, v14 n25 pp. 14(2). Dukes, Richard L.; Valentine, Jennifer (1998, July), Gang membership and bias against young people who break the law, The Social Science Journal, v35 n3 pp. 347(14). Lounsbury, John H. (1996, March 13), Please, not another program. (special education programs for problem youth), (Special Section: Young Adolescents At Risk)., The Clearing House, Vol. 69, pp. 211(3). Warr, Mark (1993, September), Parents, peers, and delinquency, Social Forces, v72 n1 pp. 247(18). Research Papers on Gang Mentality in America - A Breif OverviewThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationHip-Hop is ArtWhere Wild and West MeetEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenCapital PunishmentRelationship between Media Coverage and Social and19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraPETSTEL analysis of IndiaBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm X